Effect of cooking on amylose content of rice Essay Example for Free

Effect of cooking on amylose content of rice Essay In diabetes type 2, there is a deficiency of insulin which results in improper/ slow breakdown of food. This results in sugar level spikes immediately after a meal, which can be harmful. Hence, diabetics must have food stuffs which have a slow release rate so as to not cause any spikes. In order to find out the most suitable method of cooking rice for diabetic patients, we found out the amylose content of rice cooked by different methods and co-related it with Glycemic Index (GI). Glycemic Index is release of glucose in the blood by the breakdown of carbohydrates. Higher the glycemic index, faster breakdown of food and thereby more release of glucose in the blood, so immediate requirement of insulin, which can be toxic for diabetic patients. Glycemic index and amylose content are inversely proportional to each other. There is a wide variation in the amylose content of rice depending on the way it is cooked. In this paper, the effect of cooking on amylose content of rice is described using various experimental approaches. Various method of cooking involves traditional method, microwave and steam cooked method. The amylose content of the rice is then co-related with its glycemic index. Keywords: Rice; Glycemic Index; Amylose Content; Diabetes; Cooking. INTRODUCTION Rice is the most important staple food for a large part of the worlds human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies [6]. The awareness of the general public related to health foods has been on the rise recently and people are looking for the right variety of rice and more efficient methods of cooking it for diabetics. Due to the low insulin concentration in the body, the release of sugar into blood is less controllable than normal, leading to spikes in blood sugar after meals for them. High blood sugar, if left untreated, can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance etc. over short term and retinopathy, nephropathy over long term. Hence, this is an acute problem faced by all diabetics. Brown rice is obtained directly from the plant and is rich in nutrients like vitamin B1, B3 and minerals like iron which can be used in preventing deficiency diseases like beriberi etc. [8]. The nutrient content of consumable rice varies with the processing techniques. For example, brown rice undergoes minimal processing and thus retains most 385 Pelagia Research Library Ashish Jain et al Euro. J. Exp. Bio. , 2012, 2 (2):385-388 of the original nutrients within the grain, whereas white rice or polished rice is devoid of most of the nutrients as they are pushed into the husk of the grain during processing which is then removed during polishing [9]. Similarly, the starch content also varies with the cooking methods viz., traditional methods or home-made or microwaved method etc. [6]. Rice contains two types of starch in rice: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a long straight starch molecule that does not gelatinize during microwave cooking [4] and hence rice with more amylose content tends to cook fluffy, with separate grains. Besides, amylose also hardens and forms during crystals during cooking and melts when the rice is re-heated. Rice that is high in amylose has a lower Glycemic Index number [1, 7]. This is because amylose is harder to break down than simple sugars like glucose etc.and ensures a sustained release of sugar into blood without spiking immediately after a meal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following reagents are used for estimation of amylose content and for preparation of standard: 95% Ethanol: Prepared from 100% Ethanol 1N NaOH, Iodine Potassium iodide solution Standard amylose: Obtained from HIMEDIA 1N Acetic acid: From NICE Chemicals Glassware: Borosil Water bath: High Precision water bath from Acmas was used Spectrophotometer: From Amersham Biosciences to measure OD Cuvette: Quartz Cuvette to measure OD. Software: HandyGraph Software to draw graph 1N NaOH solution: Dissolve 40g of NaOH in 1000ml distilled water 1N Acetic acid solution: Dilute 57. 5 ml glacial acetic acid to 1000ml using distilled water Iodine Potassium iodide solution: Dissolve 0. 26 g of Iodine in 10 ml of Potassium iodide solution containing 2. 6 g of KI Standard Amylose Solution: Take 40mg of pure potato starch (amylose) in a 100 ml volumetric flask and add 1 ml of 95% ethanol and 9. 0 ml of 1N NaOH. Shake well and boil over water bath for 10 minutes and make up the solution to 100 ml using distilled water. Method: We weighed 100 mg well powdered milled rice into 100 ml volumetric flask and to it 1 ml 95% ethanol and 9 ml 1 N NaOH was added. The sample was heated for 10 minutes in boiling water bath, cooled and the volume was made up to 100 ml. 5 ml was pipetted from the 100 ml into another 100 ml volumetric flask. To it 1 ml I N acetic acid and then 2 ml iodide solution were added and the volume was made up to 100 ml. The mixture was stirred and allowed to stand for 20 minutes and the per cent Transmittance at 620 nm was determined using a colorimeter. A series of standard starch solution containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% amylose was prepared as in the steps 1 to 5. The transmittance of the standards was read at 620nm and a standard graph was plotted. Amylose content of the sample was determined in reference to the standard curve and expressed on percent basis. RESULTS In Table 1, five different amylose solutions were prepared at different concentrations and the absorbance values at 620nm were noted down. The absorbance readings were triplicated for standard amylose and standard graph was obtained as follows: 386 Pelagia Research Library Ashish Jain et al Euro. J. Exp. Bio. , 2012, 2 (2):385-388. Table 1: Preparation of Standard Graph from Amylose Amylose Concentration (mg/mL) Blank 8 16 24 32 40 Abs @ 620 nm T1 T2 T3 0 0 0 0. 079 0. 072 0. 077 0. 156 0. 156 0. 149 0. 239 0. 24 0. 239 0. 321 0. 32 0. 33 0. 40 0. 40 0. 40 Avg. Abs 0 0. 076 0. 153 0. 239 0. 323 0. 40 Std. Deviation T1 T2 T3 0 0 0 +0. 003 -0. 004 +0. 001 +0. 003 +0. 003 -0. 004 0. 000 +0. 001 0. 000 -0. 002 -0. 003 +0. 007 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000. This table is used in making the graph shown below. The procedure followed to obtain these readings is described in the Materials and Methods section. T1, T2, and T3 are the triplicated values. Scale X Axis: 1cm 8mg/ml Y Axis: 1cm 0. 08OD A b s o r b a n c e A b s o r b a n c e Amylose concentration Amylose concentration A b s o r b a n c e Amylose concentration Figure 1: The above graphs are obtained by taking Concentration on the X-axis and Absorbance at 620nm on the Y-axis for each of the set of values. 387 Pelagia Research Library Ashish Jain et al Euro. J. Exp. Bio., 2012, 2 (2):385-388. Table 2: Extrapolated values of rice cooked by different methods Cooking Method Steam Cooked Traditional Method Microwaved Raw Abs @ 620 nm T1 T2 T3 0. 169 0. 172 0. 171 0. 195 0. 194 0. 196 0. 227 0. 227 0. 230 0. 258 0. 259 0. 259 Avg. Abs 0. 171 0. 195 0. 228 0. 259 Amylose Concentration (mg/mL) 17. 35 19. 67 22. 98 25. 99 This table lists the amylose content of rice which is cooked by different methods. The values are obtained from extrapolating from the standard amylose curve. DISCUSSION. Table 3: Co-relation between amylose content and Glycemic index of rice [8] If Amylose content is high Amylose content is low Then Low Glycemic Index and the rice grains will show high volume expansion (not necessarily elongation) and a high degree of flakiness. The rice grains cook dry, are less tender, and become hard upon cooling. High glycemic Index and the rice grains will cook moist and sticky It is seen that amylose content is inversely related to the Glycemic index. From table 2, it is observable that the amylose content of microwaved rice is highest after raw, uncooked rice. Hence, this method of cooking rice is the most suitable for diabetic patients as the Glycemic Index will be lowest. Since the Glycemic Index is low, the breakdown rate is slower, which prevents the sugar levels in blood from spiking just after a meal. REFERENCES [1] DJ Jenkins et al. (1981). Am J Clin Nutr 34; 362–366. [2] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. , N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. [3] Brouns et al. (2005). Nutrition Research Reviews 18; 145–171. [4] Chiu CJ, Liu S, Willett WC, Wolever TM, Brand-Miller JC, Barclay AW, Taylor A. , Nutr Rev., 2011 ;69(4): 231-42. [5]. Temelkova-Kurktschiev TS, Koehler C, Henkel E, Leonhardt W, Fuecker K, Hanefeld M. , Diabetes Care. 2000 Dec;23(12):1830-4. [6] White Rice, Brown Rice, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. †Arch Intern Med 2010 170: 961969. [7] International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. †Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76: 5-56 [8] Brand-Miller JC, Pang E, Bramal L. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:1034–6. [9] Srisawas, W. and Jindal, V. K. (2007), Journal of texture studies, 38: 21–41. doi: 10. 1111/j. 17454603. 2007. 00084. x 388 Pelagia Research Library.

Roman Pool Essay -- Architecture Structure History Essays

Roman Pool The private residence built by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon, California is quite a site to behold. Originally named La Cuesta Encantada it is now often referred to as Hearst Castle. It is located on a hilltop overlooking the Pacific Ocean in the Santa Lucia Mountains. The estate took 28 years to build and includes the main house, guest houses, two pools, and acres of gardens, terraces and walkways. Its rooms and gardens are decorated with an impressive collection of antiques from around the world. One particularly interesting building is the Roman Pool. The Roman Pool at Hearst castle is a tiled indoor pool decorated with eight statues of Roman gods, goddesses and heroes. The pool appears to be styled after an ancient Roman bath such as the Baths of Caracalla in Rome c. 211-17 CE. The mosaic tiled patterns were inspired by mosaics found in the 5 C. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy (Kastner, p. I-261.) They are also representative of traditional marine monster themes that can be found in ancient Roman baths (Strong, p. 124.) The statues are rough copies of ancient Greek and Roman statues. One such copy represents the "Apoxyomenos." Statuary was used on a considerable scale in the Baths of Caracalla (Strong, p. 124.) The pool and surrounding room, which were built from 1927-1934, can be compared to an ancient Roman bath. The pool, like the baths, is located indoors. Its water was heated as in a tepidarium. However, in Hearst's complex there were no hot or cold baths as there were in the ancient complex. The Roman Pool complex was designed to contain an exercise room, sweat baths, a handball court and dressing rooms (Cohn/Kastner p. I-258.) The Baths of Caracalla covere... ...ing fingers of the outstretched hand. We will never know what Hearst was thinking when he created his Roman Pool. Was he hoping to accurately depict an ancient Roman bath, or did he just like Roman art? Overall he kept to a romanticized 1930's version of the Roman theme, with decorations that span three centuries. Looking at the rest of his "castle" leads one to believe that Hearst combined whatever he thought was impressive. This pool is truly impressive. Works Cited: Boardman, John. Greek Art. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964. Cohn, Leslie and Kastner, Vicki. Roman Pool. (Information from Hearst Castle P.R. Department) Hutton, Edward. The Story of Ravenna. London: J.M.Dent & Sons, Ltd, 1926. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1995. Strong, David. Roman Art. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, Ltd, 1976. Roman Pool Essay -- Architecture Structure History Essays Roman Pool The private residence built by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon, California is quite a site to behold. Originally named La Cuesta Encantada it is now often referred to as Hearst Castle. It is located on a hilltop overlooking the Pacific Ocean in the Santa Lucia Mountains. The estate took 28 years to build and includes the main house, guest houses, two pools, and acres of gardens, terraces and walkways. Its rooms and gardens are decorated with an impressive collection of antiques from around the world. One particularly interesting building is the Roman Pool. The Roman Pool at Hearst castle is a tiled indoor pool decorated with eight statues of Roman gods, goddesses and heroes. The pool appears to be styled after an ancient Roman bath such as the Baths of Caracalla in Rome c. 211-17 CE. The mosaic tiled patterns were inspired by mosaics found in the 5 C. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy (Kastner, p. I-261.) They are also representative of traditional marine monster themes that can be found in ancient Roman baths (Strong, p. 124.) The statues are rough copies of ancient Greek and Roman statues. One such copy represents the "Apoxyomenos." Statuary was used on a considerable scale in the Baths of Caracalla (Strong, p. 124.) The pool and surrounding room, which were built from 1927-1934, can be compared to an ancient Roman bath. The pool, like the baths, is located indoors. Its water was heated as in a tepidarium. However, in Hearst's complex there were no hot or cold baths as there were in the ancient complex. The Roman Pool complex was designed to contain an exercise room, sweat baths, a handball court and dressing rooms (Cohn/Kastner p. I-258.) The Baths of Caracalla covere... ...ing fingers of the outstretched hand. We will never know what Hearst was thinking when he created his Roman Pool. Was he hoping to accurately depict an ancient Roman bath, or did he just like Roman art? Overall he kept to a romanticized 1930's version of the Roman theme, with decorations that span three centuries. Looking at the rest of his "castle" leads one to believe that Hearst combined whatever he thought was impressive. This pool is truly impressive. Works Cited: Boardman, John. Greek Art. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964. Cohn, Leslie and Kastner, Vicki. Roman Pool. (Information from Hearst Castle P.R. Department) Hutton, Edward. The Story of Ravenna. London: J.M.Dent & Sons, Ltd, 1926. Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1995. Strong, David. Roman Art. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, Ltd, 1976.

Advertising Infiniti Essay

Moreover, consumers were simply confused by the advertising and it even became a runt of Jokes by Jay Leno and David Letterman. It is obvious that it is necessary to analyze the mistakes that were made by Nissan. It should be said that for a success of any product that is advertised it is vitally important to take into consideration four key elements, four levels of consumer’s involvement. The first level is Extended Problem Solving. This level occurs when a consumer is inexperienced in a particular consumption setting or buying situation yet finding its setting to be interesting and highly involving. It is a deliberate decision-making process that includes the explicit need recognition, careful internal and external search a thorough evaluation of alternatives, and a lengthy and involved post-purchased evaluation. In the case of Infiniti Nissan was obviously only on its way to invade the market of the US. Naturally it could not have enough information about the real needs of American consumers. Moreover, the company could simply underestimate its main competitors, including Toyota’s Lexus, which operated within the same segment of the market. The company lso needed to gain the recognition of the American consumers that was not an easy task. The next level is Limited Problem Solving, which implies a low experience and decision making process. The information search is usually limited to the first brand that the consumer encounters in that particular product category. At this level of involvement, the consumer is simply seeking adequate solutions to mundane, everyday problems. An example of this may be a purchase of Pampers shortly after the new mother receives a complementary package of them when she leaves the hospital. It also could be the result of receiving a trial offer or a discount coupon. Probably Nissan Infiniti’s campaign was Just hold in the wrong time since the need was not so significant as it actually should be for a successful introduction of a new automobile in the market. Not less important is the level of Habit or Variety Seeking. Traditionally a habit purchase occurs when the decision is uninvolving and a consumer simply purchases the same brand from the product category over and over again. Habitual purchases are one of the most common types of the decision-making ode, but it is necessary to remember that habits may be disrupted. Actually it is exactly what Nissan has to be done for, as I has already been mentioned at the beginning of the 1980s Japanese companies’ share was about a quarter of the general American market, consequently Nissan’s share was even less significant. In such a condition American consumers would rather buy a traditional American car than a Japanese one. However Nissan also had a chance because Variety Seeking occurs when a consumer has a tendency to switch brands to avoid the boredom and routine of habitual buying. But despite this fact the consumers still choose from their original consideration set of alternatives. Finally, Brand Loyalty is extremely important particularly in the contemporary business. In this level, there is high involvement and a very rich prior experience history that Nissan obviously lacked at that time. However, once gained it will be very effective especially in the advertising campaigns since it is based on highly favorable attitudes toward the brand, a conscious commitment on the part of the consumer to find this brand each time the consumer urchases from this category, and it provides high emotional benefits for the consumer. Thus, taking into consideration all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Extended Problem Solving, Habit or Variety Seeking, Limited Problems and Brand Loyalty are extremely important for the market success of any advertising campaign and any product. However, the advertising of Nissan Infiniti discussed in terms of this paper turned to be ineffective since not all of the modes mentioned above could be objectively realized in that time in the market of the US by this company.

Influence of Emerson’s Self-Reliance on Gilman’s Yellow...

Influence of Emerson’s Self-Reliance on Gilman’s Yellow Wall-Paper The great writer Ralph Waldo Emerson once wrote, trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string (p. 1033). How surprised he would be to find out that a half century later this type of idea would culminate in a growing restlessness among American women unsatisfied with their lives and with their roles in society - a society dominated by men with little or no place for women outside the home. One of these female writers who helped lead the battle for domestic and social reform was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. One of her more particularly forceful works is The Yellow Wall-Paper, meant to highlight the submissive and highly undervalued role women play in†¦show more content†¦This further indicates the dominant role he holds in the marriage. Her opinions are further subjugated by the fact that her husband is a physician, and practical in the extreme (p. 801). Therefore, the narrator feels as if she is doubly inferior, both as a wife and as a patient, and that she must take her husbands advice no matter how strong her own concerns. In fact, even her mental activities such as writing are regulated because her husband hates to have [her] write a word (p. 802). Even in her own family she can find no solace because her brother, also a physician, sides with her husband. The wallpaper seems to signify irrationality and a feeling of shame or dirtiness, qualities which are tied into the narrators own life. The color dirty yellow was chosen because it is most commonly associated with stains and the process of aging. The color possibly signifies how unclean the wife felt in her own marriage and the thought that she would grow old, trapped in such a condition. Furthermore, the pattern of the wall-paper is a constant reminder of the narrators degrading marriage. During the day it is described as a defiance of law....[The wallpaper]...slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramples upon you....The outside pattern is a florid arabesque, reminding one of fungus (p.807). This violence again ties in with her married life being somehow an act of degradation, and by